GAMBHARI

Sanskrit Name: pÉÉU…Ð

ÌlÉÂÌ£ü : pÉgeÉÌiÉ CÌiÉ pÉÉU…Ð |

Bhargi (Bp. Ni): It destroys diseases.

Latin name: Clerodendron serratum Spreng.

Family: Verbinaceae

Gana/Varga:

Sushruta	Pippalyadi
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu	Haritakyadi Varga 160- 161
Dravyaguna vijnana II (P.V.)	Shwasahara page 298-300
API Part I	Vol III

 

Synonyms:

Based on swaroopa
AÇaÉÉUuÉssÉÏ	AÇaÉÉUÉpÉÉuÉssÉÏ AxrÉÉ CÌiÉ AÇaÉÉUuÉssÉÏ | (pÉÉ.ÌlÉ.)
Angaravalli (Bp. Ni)	It is a climber, appears fiery.
ZÉUzÉÉMü	ZÉUÇ zÉÉMüÈ mɧÉqÉxrÉÉÈ |
Kharashaka (Bp. Ni)	Its  leaf and branches are rough in texture.
mÉ©É	mÉ©mÉÑwmÉÉ CÌiÉ | (pÉÉ.ÌlÉ.)
Padma (Bp. Ni)	Flowers are similar to lotus.
oÉëɼhÉrÉ̹MüÉ	oÉëɼhÉxrÉ rÉ̹ËUuÉ CÌiÉ | (pÉÉ.ÌlÉ.)
Brahmanayashtika (Bp. Ni)	The stem is strong as Danda of Brahmana.
Based on Karma
WûgÎeÉMüÉ	WûÎliÉ UÉåaÉ CÌiÉ WûgÎeÉMüÉ | (pÉÉ.ÌlÉ.)
Hanjika (Bp. Ni)	It destroys diseases.
बालेयशाक	गर्दभ भक्ष्य शाकत्वात् इति ।
Baleyashaka	It is eaten by Gardabha(donkey).

Bhrugubhava (Bp. Ni) , Phanji (Bp. Ni), Brahmanya (Bp. Ni) 

Vernacular names:                  

Hindi	Bharangi
Kannada	Gantu bharangi
Bengali	Baman hatee
Marathi	Bharanga
Gujarati	Bharangee
Telagu	Gantubharangi
Punjabi	Bhadangee
Tamil	Shirutekku
Malayalam	Cherutekku

 Morphology:

Habit : Slightly woody shrub with bluntly quadrangular stems and branches; Leaves : The leaves are simple decussate opposite, ternate or apically clustered and variable in size. Shape: oblong or elliptic, acute, coarsely and acute base usually three at a node, sometimes opposite, oblong or elliptic, coarsely and sharply serrate;  Inflorescence: long cylindrical thyrsus with a pair of acute bracts at each branching and a flower in the fork, Flowers blue, many; Fruit a 4-lobed purple drupe, somewhat succulent with one pyrene in each lobe.

Distribution: Throughout India, in forests upto 1,500 m elevation.

Types: NA

Guna-Karma:

                  

Guna	Ruksha, Laghu
Rasa	Katu, Tikta, Kashya
Vipaka	Katu
Virya	Ushna
Prabhava	-
Karma
Doshaghnata	Kapha-Vatahara
Agrya karma	Shvasahara(A. Hru.)
Anyakarma	Dipana, Pachana, Ruchya, Shwasahara

Prayoga: Kasa, Kapha, Shwasa, Pinasa, Jwara, Gulma, Raktadosha, Shotha

Chemical composition:

Flavonoids	potent anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-asthmatic, anti-tumor and CNS-binding activities.
Phenolics	indolizino and verbascoside which possess biologically activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, antihypertensive and anti-cancer activities.
Terpenes	betulin, oleanolic acid, clerodermic acid, betulinic acid, friedelin and monomelittoside had weak CNS activity, strong molluscicidal and fungitoxic activities.

 

Prayojya Anga: Root: Mature root hard, woody, cylindrical, upto 5 cm thick, external surface light brown having elongated lenticels; bark, thin and easily separated from a broad wood which shows marked medullary rays and concentric growth rings in a transversely cut surface; fracture- short; taste- acrid.

Sangraha Kala: Not specific.

Amayika prayoga:  Vagbhata mentioned it as Shreshtha for Shvasa roga.

Bahya:

1.     Gandamala : Apply Bharangi Mula rubbed in Tandulodaka.

2.     Vrana: Patra should be applied on wounds to fasten Paka.

Abhyantara :

1.     Pranavaha srotas: Ruksha, Laghu guna, Katu Tikta rasa, Katu vipaka and Ushna virya absorbs Kapha, removes obstruction of Bronchus and acts as bronchodilator in Shwasa.

Shvasa: Bharangi mula and Shunthi churna  should be given with Ushna jala. (Cha.Chi.21)

Shvasa vega : Kwatha prepared of 2-2 ½ Tola of  Bharangi Mula  relieves asthma attacks.

Vatajanya Kasa : Ghrita prepared of 2 parts of Bharangi Swarasa and 4 parts of Dadhi and  ¼ Bharangi Kalka. (vangasena)

2.     Manovaha srotas:

Apasmara : Sura prepared of Bharangi should be given daily.(Su.U.61/38-40)

Matra:

Churna	3-6 gms.
Kwatha churna	10-20 gms.

Vishishta Yoga: Bharanghi guda, Bharangyadi kwatha

Research :

1.Alpha glycosidase inhibitory activity17: Methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratuam roots (100µg/ml) was evaluated for alpha glycosidase inhibitory activity using enzyme assay. The enzyme was not found significantly effective (32.3% inhibition with IC50 value 265±9 µg/ml) and may require higher dose to produce the effect (Bachhawat et al., 2011).  (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

2. Wound healing activity18: Wound healing activity is carried out on the ethanolic extracts of root and leaves of· Clerodendrum serratum were and it was evaluated on Albino Rats. The results showed higher wound healing potency of the root extract as compared to the leaf extract. As compared with the control both the extracts demonstrated significant wound healing activity (Vidya et al., 2005)  (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

3. Antioxidant activity19· : In DPPH radical scavenging assay, ethenolic extract of root at various concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μg/ml) and ascorbic acid (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μg/ml) showed the significant inhibitory activity with IC50 value 175 and 137 respectively. In reducing power assay, concentration 20-120 μg/ml shows a linear increase in reducing power, equivalent to 20 -120 μg/ml ascorbic acid. Presence of hydrophilic polyphenolic compounds is responsible to gives the greater reducing power. The IC50 values were 48 and 85 for ascorbic acid, ethanolic extract of CSR respectively. The inhibition of 73.32 ± 0.002%, and 64.49 ± 0.242% was observed for standard and ethanolic root extrat (test) respectively at maximum concentrations (Bhujbal et al., 2009). (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

4.  Antiasthamatic activity20: Alcoholic root extract of Clerodendrumserratuam of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed· antiasthamatic activity in oval bumin induced experimental mice. In this model the antiasthamatic activity is probabaly acting through inhibition of inflammatory mediators like histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins due to cyclooxygenase inhibitors (Thalla et al., 2012). (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

 5. Anticancer activity21: Aqueous and methanolic extract of roots of Clerodendrum serratum were screened using Dalton’s· Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cell modelat the dose 100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight for in vivo anticancer activity. The parameters were analysed mean survival time, body weight analysis, percentage increase in life span, haematological parameters and biochemical parameters. As compared to aqueous extract methanolic extract exhibit significant anticancer activity (Zalke et al., 2010).  (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

6. Anti-inflammatory activity22· : Anti-inflammatory activity is carried out on the carrageenaninduced odema in rats. The ethanolic root extract of Clerodendrum serratum showed significant antiinflammatory activity, and also in the cotton pellet model in experimental mice, rats and rabbits at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (Narayan et al., 1999).  (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

7. Spermatotoxic activity23· : Methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum at dose 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg shows significant spermatotoxic activity in male albino rats. The Clerodendrum serratum treatment result in impairment of male fertility in the rat by both spermatogenesis and caudaepididymal spermatozoa (Sarathchandiran et al., 2014).  (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

8. Antiulcer activity24· : The methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum root (200mg/kg) possess significant antiulcer activity in a dose dependent manner by improving gastric mucosal defence mechanism. It shows significant decrease in number of ulcer, ulcer score and ulcer index in ethanol induced ulcer (Sharma and Gupta, 2013) (https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1892058.pdf)

Others: Four plants are found to be the sources of Bhargi-

1. Clerodendron serratum Spreng. – Dr. Desai and others considered this.

2. Picrasma quassioides Ben. Fam: Simarubiaceae, Eng- Quassia-

in Bengal the pieces or its bark is used as Bharanga. Thakur 

Balavant Singhji opined that the market sample of Bhargi is from this plant.

 3. Premna herbacea Roxb. Fam:Verbenaceae

4. Clerodendrum siphonanthus (R. Br.) C. B. Clarke.  

Important references: